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Israël was bereid het RCP open te stellen als een onafhankelijke derde partij toezicht zou houden op de gang van zaken. Daarom richtte de Europese Unie (EU) de European Union Border Assistance Mission in Rafah (EUBAM Rafah) op. … Het mandaat droeg EUBAM op niet alleen het werk van de PNA te controleren, maar ook de resultaten te evalueren. … De Nederlandse regering stelde drie militairen van de Koninklijke Marechaussee voor de missie beschikbaar. … Uiteindelijk vertrokken de marechaussees drie weken later en kwamen zij op 21 februari 2006 aan in de Israëlische plaats Asqhelon, waar ze werden ondergebracht. … Dagelijks pendelden de waarnemers op en neer tussen Asqhelon en Rafah.",{"title":24,"url":25},"European Union Border Assistance Mission in Rafah (EUBAM - Rafah) | Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nimh.nl\u002Fmilitaire-geschiedenis-van-nederland\u002Fhistorische-overzichten\u002Fencyclopedie-internationale-operaties\u002F2006-02-eubam-rafah\u002Findex","Drie Nederlandse marechaussees deden mee aan een Europese missie bij Rafah, de grensovergang van de Gazastrook. Israël wilde die grensovergang alleen openen als een onafhankelijke derde partij toezicht hield. Daarom zette de Europese Unie deze missie op. Zij controleerde het werk van het Palestijnse bestuur aan de grens. 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Vliegbasis Eindhoven (2016D46107)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tweedekamer.nl\u002Fdownloads\u002Fdocument?id=2016D46107",{"id":422,"name":423,"place":424,"kind":295,"lat":425,"services":426,"source":427,"units":429,"hasBoundary":39},"vliegbasis-gilze-rijen","Vliegbasis Gilze-Rijen","Gilze-Rijen",51.5757,[202],{"title":423,"url":428},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fgilze-rijen",[430,433,436,441,446,448,450],{"unit":431,"source":432},"298 Squadron",{"title":304,"url":305},{"unit":434,"source":435},"301 Squadron",{"title":304,"url":305},{"unit":437,"source":438},"Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Extraction (SERE) School",{"title":439,"url":440},"Centrum voor Mens en Luchtvaart","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fcml",{"unit":442,"source":443},"300 Squadron",{"title":444,"url":445},"Beslisnota bij 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Leeuwarden","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fleeuwarden\u002Fsquadrons",{"unit":470,"source":471},"323 Squadron",{"title":472,"url":473},"Geschiedenis Vliegbasis Leeuwarden","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fleeuwarden\u002Fgeschiedenis",{"unit":475,"source":476},"306 Squadron",{"title":477,"url":478},"Kamerstuk 30806, nr. 47 — Onbemande vliegtuigen (UAV); Verwervingsvoorbereiding project MALE UAV (11 juni 2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fkst-30806-47.html",{"unit":480,"source":481},"921 Squadron",{"title":467,"url":468},{"unit":483,"source":484},"922 Squadron",{"title":467,"url":468},{"id":486,"name":487,"place":488,"kind":295,"lat":489,"services":490,"source":491,"units":493,"hasBoundary":39},"vliegbasis-volkel","Vliegbasis Volkel","Volkel",51.6555,[202],{"title":487,"url":492},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fvolkel",[494,499,502,505],{"unit":495,"source":496},"312 Squadron",{"title":497,"url":498},"Squadrons op Vliegbasis Volkel","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fvolkel\u002Fsquadrons",{"unit":500,"source":501},"313 Squadron",{"title":497,"url":498},{"unit":503,"source":504},"640 Squadron",{"title":497,"url":498},{"unit":506,"source":507},"901 Squadron",{"title":497,"url":498},{"id":509,"name":510,"place":511,"kind":295,"lat":512,"services":513,"source":514,"units":517,"hasBoundary":39},"vliegbasis-woensdrecht","Vliegbasis Woensdrecht","Woensdrecht",51.4304,[202],{"title":515,"url":516},"Vliegbasis Woensdrecht - Air Support Command","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fwoensdrecht",[518,521,526,529],{"unit":519,"source":520},"Air Support Command",{"title":515,"url":516},{"unit":522,"source":523},"Royal Air Education and Training Center",{"title":524,"url":525},"Royal Air Education and Training Center (voorheen Koninklijke Militaire School Luchtmacht)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fvliegbases-en-luchtmachtonderdelen\u002Fwoensdrecht\u002Fkmsl-vlb-wdt",{"unit":527,"source":528},"Air Depot en Program Management",{"title":515,"url":516},{"unit":530,"source":531},"Defensie Expertise Centrum Diensthonden",{"title":524,"url":525},[533,542,550,559,568,577,585,594],{"id":534,"name":535,"missionId":536,"since":537,"until":538,"source":539},"camp-humphreys","Camp Humphreys","zuid-korea-unc","2025-01",null,{"title":540,"url":541},"Staatscourant 2025, 13726","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fstcrt-2025-13726.html",{"id":543,"name":544,"missionId":545,"since":546,"until":547,"source":548},"airbase-amari","Airbase Amari","estland-eap","2024-12-01","2025-03-31",{"title":549,"url":541},"Staatscourant 2025, 13726: Wijziging Besluit gespen Herinneringsmedaille Internationale Missies",{"id":551,"name":552,"missionId":553,"since":554,"until":555,"source":556},"luchthaven-siauliai","luchthaven Siauliai","baltische-staten-bap","2017-01","2017-04",{"title":557,"url":558},"Staatscourant 2021, 39134","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fstcrt-2021-39134.html",{"id":560,"name":561,"missionId":562,"since":563,"until":564,"source":565},"kamp-castor","Kamp Castor","mali-minusma","2014-04","2023-12",{"title":566,"url":567},"Nederlandse bijdrage in Mali (Defensie)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fonderwerpen\u002Fm\u002Fmissie-in-mali\u002Fnederlandse-bijdrage",{"id":569,"name":570,"missionId":571,"since":572,"until":573,"source":574},"incirlik-airbase","Incirlik Airbase","turkije-active-fence","2013-01","2015-01",{"title":575,"url":576},"Regeling tot wijziging Besluit gespen Herinneringsmedaille Vredesoperaties (Stcrt. 2014, 15201)","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fstcrt-2014-15201.html",{"id":578,"name":579,"missionId":580,"since":581,"until":538,"source":582},"camp-butmir","Camp Butmir","bosnie-althea","2004-12-02",{"title":583,"url":584},"Militaire bijdrage Nederland in Bosnië en Herzegovina","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fonderwerpen\u002Fm\u002Fmissie-in-bosnie-en-herzegovina\u002Fmilitaire-bijdrage-nederland-in-bosnie-en-herzegovina",{"id":586,"name":587,"missionId":588,"since":589,"until":590,"source":591},"vliegbasis-amendola","vliegbasis Amendola","joegoslavie-allied-force","1999-03-24","1999-06",{"title":592,"url":593},"Kamerstuk 22181, nr. 311","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fkst-22181-311.html",{"id":595,"name":596,"missionId":597,"since":598,"until":599,"source":600},"vliegbasis-diyarbakir","vliegbasis Diyarbakir","golfoorlog-1990","1990","1991",{"title":601,"url":602},"Geschiedenis luchtmacht","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.defensie.nl\u002Fdefensieonderdelen\u002Fkoninklijke-luchtmacht\u002Fgeschiedenis",{"events":604,"outcomes":662},[605,619,627,634,645,652],{"id":606,"missionId":10,"date":18,"kind":607,"place":608,"official":614,"evidence":617,"plain":618,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-2006-02-21-1","aankomst",{"name":32,"lookup":609,"lat":34,"lon":35,"coordinates":613},{"name":610,"country":611,"what":612},"Ashkelon","IL","city",{"from":37,"note":38},{"text":615,"source":616},"De Nederlandse regering stelde drie militairen van de Koninklijke Marechaussee voor de missie beschikbaar. Zij zouden eind januari 2006 vertrekken. Vanwege onrust in de Gazastrook besloot de EU het openstellen van de waarnemingsposten nabij het RCP op te schorten. Uiteindelijk vertrokken de marechaussees drie weken later en kwamen zij op 21 februari 2006 aan in de Israëlische plaats Asqhelon, waar ze werden ondergebracht.",{"title":43,"url":25},"geschiedenis","Drie marechaussees zouden eind januari 2006 vertrekken, maar door onrust ging dat later. Op 21 februari 2006 kwamen ze aan in Asqhelon in Israël, waar ze woonden.",{"id":620,"missionId":10,"date":621,"kind":622,"official":623,"evidence":617,"plain":626,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-2006-06-25-1","2006-06-25","incident",{"text":624,"source":625},"Palestijnse strijders overvielen op 25 juni 2006 een Israëlische grenspost, waarbij twee Israëlische soldaten sneuvelden en een derde werd ontvoerd. Israël sloot hierop de Gazastrook hermetisch af van de buitenwereld. De Europese waarnemers keken machteloos toe hoe Israël en Hamas elkaar het leven zuur maakten, met beschietingen en grondaanvallen over en weer.",{"title":43,"url":25},"Op 25 juni 2006 overvielen Palestijnse strijders een Israëlische grenspost. Israël sloot de Gazastrook daarna helemaal af. De Europese waarnemers konden niets doen.",{"id":628,"missionId":10,"date":629,"kind":622,"official":630,"evidence":617,"plain":633,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-2007-06-1","2007-06",{"text":631,"source":632},"De RCP ging in juni 2007 definitief op slot. Alleen voor de jaarlijkse hadj, de pelgrimstocht naar Mekka, maakten de Israëliërs een uitzondering.",{"title":43,"url":25},"In juni 2007 ging de grensovergang bij Rafah definitief dicht. Alleen voor de jaarlijkse pelgrimstocht naar Mekka maakte Israël een uitzondering.",{"id":635,"missionId":10,"date":636,"kind":637,"place":638,"official":641,"evidence":617,"plain":644,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-2007-11-1","2007-11","vertrek",{"name":32,"lookup":639,"lat":34,"lon":35,"coordinates":640},{"name":610,"country":611,"what":612},{"from":37,"note":38},{"text":642,"source":643},"Op verzoek van de EU waren vanaf november 2007 twee van de drie Nederlandse waarnemers op afroep beschikbaar in Nederland, de derde verbleef in Asqhelon.",{"title":43,"url":25},"Vanaf november 2007 bleven twee van de drie Nederlandse waarnemers in Nederland, klaar om te gaan. De derde bleef in Asqhelon.",{"id":646,"missionId":10,"date":647,"kind":637,"official":648,"evidence":617,"plain":651,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-2008-05-1","2008-05",{"text":649,"source":650},"Eind mei 2008 werd ook deze derde Nederlander uit het uitzendgebied teruggetrokken en op afroep in Nederland achter de hand gehouden.",{"title":43,"url":25},"Eind mei 2008 kwam ook de derde Nederlander terug. Hij bleef in Nederland beschikbaar.",{"id":653,"missionId":10,"date":19,"kind":654,"official":655,"evidence":660,"plain":661,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-2009-05-1","einde",{"text":656,"source":657},"Nederlandse bijdrage. Nederland heeft in 2009 drie militairen stand-by gehouden ten behoeve van EUBAM Rafah. In de periode januari tot en met mei 2009 is één militair van de Koninklijke Marechaussee, belast met planningstaken, werkelijk uitgezonden.",{"title":658,"url":659},"Tussentijdse evaluatie kleinschalige missies en SSR-inzet 2009 (blg-66789, 19 mei 2010)","https:\u002F\u002Frepository.overheid.nl\u002Ffrbr\u002Fofficielepublicaties\u002Fblg\u002Fonopgemaakt\u002Fblg-66789\u002F1\u002Fpdf\u002Fblg-66789.pdf","kamerbrief","In 2009 hield Nederland drie militairen klaar. Van januari tot en met mei 2009 was één marechaussee echt uitgezonden, voor planningswerk.",[663,672,680,690,699,706],{"id":664,"missionId":10,"kind":665,"official":666,"evidence":660,"plain":671,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-resultaat-1","resultaat",{"text":667,"source":668},"Resultaat. Na de machtsovername door Hamas in de Gazastrook in juni 2007 heeft de Head of Mission de missie tot nader order opgeschort. De missie wordt in afgeslankte vorm in stand gehouden voor het geval de werkzaamheden bij Rafah weer mogelijk worden.",{"title":669,"url":670},"Tussentijdse evaluatie van de kleinschalige Nederlandse Defensiebijdragen aan missies en SSR-inzet in 2008 (blg-18228, bij brief van 27 mei 2009)","https:\u002F\u002Frepository.overheid.nl\u002Ffrbr\u002Fofficielepublicaties\u002Fblg\u002Fonopgemaakt\u002Fblg-18228\u002F1\u002Fpdf\u002Fblg-18228.pdf","Nadat Hamas in juni 2007 de macht in Gaza nam, legde de leiding de missie stil. Een kleine missie bleef bestaan voor als het werk bij Rafah weer kon.",{"id":673,"missionId":10,"kind":674,"count":675,"official":676,"evidence":617,"plain":679,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-omvang-1","omvang",13,{"text":677,"source":678},"Aantal militairen: 13",{"title":43,"url":25},"Volgens het NIMH gingen in totaal 13 Nederlandse militairen mee.",{"id":681,"missionId":10,"kind":674,"count":682,"official":683,"evidence":688,"plain":689,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-omvang-2",3,{"text":684,"source":685},"Nederland levert drie militairen van het Commando Koninklijke marechaussee aan deze missie die toezicht houdt bij het Rafah Crossing Point teneinde het vertrouwen tussen de Israëlische regering en de Palestijnse Autoriteit op te bouwen.",{"title":686,"url":687},"Kamerstuk 31031 X nr. 1: Jaarverslag en slotwet ministerie van Defensie 2006","https:\u002F\u002Frepository.overheid.nl\u002Ffrbr\u002Fofficielepublicaties\u002Fkst\u002F31031-X\u002Fkst-31031-X-1\u002F1\u002Fhtml\u002Fkst-31031-X-1.html","jaarverslag","Volgens het jaarverslag van Defensie werkten tegelijk drie Nederlandse marechaussees bij de grensovergang Rafah.",{"id":691,"missionId":10,"kind":692,"who":693,"count":694,"official":695,"evidence":617,"plain":698,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-slachtoffers-1","slachtoffers","doden",0,{"text":696,"source":697},"Slachtoffers: geen",{"title":43,"url":25},"Volgens het NIMH kwam er geen Nederlandse militair om.",{"id":700,"missionId":10,"kind":701,"official":702,"evidence":660,"plain":705,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-les-1","les",{"text":703,"source":704},"Conclusie. Als third party is EUBM Rafah afhankelijk van de opstelling van de twee conflictpartijen en heeft geen zelfstandige mogelijkheden de uitvoering van haar mandaat te forceren. In 2008 heeft Nederland geen actieve personele bijdrage geleverd aan de missie.",{"title":669,"url":670},"Defensie concludeert dat de missie afhangt van de twee partijen in het conflict en haar taak niet kan afdwingen. In 2008 leverde Nederland geen actieve bijdrage.",{"id":707,"missionId":10,"kind":701,"official":708,"evidence":660,"plain":711,"writtenBy":27,"reviewed":28,"updated":5},"palestijnse-gebieden-eubam-rafah-les-2",{"text":709,"source":710},"Bij een aantal missies, zoals SSR Mali, EUBAM Rafah en UNAMID, kunnen vraagtekens worden geplaatst bij het effect van de missie zelf, of bij het effect van de Nederlandse bijdrage in de huidige vorm.",{"title":669,"url":670},"Volgens Defensie zijn er bij deze missie vragen over het effect van de missie zelf of van de Nederlandse bijdrage.",[713,728,740,754,770,785,800,812,827,842,853,868,879,891],{"id":714,"name":715,"domain":716,"since":717,"until":718,"km":719,"from":720,"to":722,"rough":28},"sinai-mfo","Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in de Sinaï Egypte","staf","2013","2015-02-01",28,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":721},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":723,"lat":724,"lon":725,"source":726},"El Gorah",31.069,34.1292,{"title":727,"url":576},"Regeling tot wijziging Besluit gespen Herinneringsmedaille Vredesoperaties (Staatscourant 2014, 15201)",{"id":729,"name":730,"domain":731,"since":732,"until":538,"km":733,"from":734,"to":736,"rough":39},"israel-palestijnse-gebieden-ussc","United States Security Coordinator (USSC)","training","2010",75,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":735},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":737,"lat":738,"lon":739},"Israël en de Palestijnse Gebieden",31.5,35,{"id":741,"name":742,"domain":70,"since":743,"until":538,"km":744,"from":745,"to":747,"rough":28},"midden-oosten-untso","United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO)","1956",106,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":746},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":748,"lat":749,"lon":750,"source":751},"Jeruzalem",31.77,35.22,{"title":752,"url":753},"Kamerstuk 34000 X, nr. 2: begroting Defensie 2015, memorie van toelichting","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fkst-34000-X-2.html",{"id":755,"name":756,"domain":757,"since":758,"until":759,"km":760,"from":761,"to":763,"rough":28},"libanon-unifil-mtf","UNIFIL Maritime Task Force","maritiem","2006-12-15","2008-02-29",219,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":762},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":764,"lat":765,"lon":766,"source":767},"Naqoura",33.1181,35.1397,{"title":768,"url":769},"Eindevaluatie UNIFIL Maritiem 15 december 2006 - 1 maart 2008 (25 april 2008)","https:\u002F\u002Fzoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\u002Fkst-29521-71-b2.pdf",{"id":771,"name":772,"domain":757,"since":773,"until":774,"km":775,"from":776,"to":778,"rough":28},"rode-zee-mijnenjacht-1984","Mijnenjacht in de Rode Zee en de Golf van Suez","1984-08-29","1984-12-06",232,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":777},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":779,"lat":780,"lon":781,"source":782},"Adabiya",29.8767,32.4719,{"title":783,"url":784},"Mijnenjacht in de Rode Zee en de Golf van Suez (NIMH, Encyclopedie internationale operaties)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nimh.nl\u002Fmilitaire-geschiedenis-van-nederland\u002Fhistorische-overzichten\u002Fencyclopedie-internationale-operaties\u002F1984-08-mijnenjagen-rode-zee\u002Findex",{"id":786,"name":787,"domain":788,"since":789,"until":790,"km":791,"from":792,"to":794,"rough":28},"libanon-unifil","Nederlandse militairen in Zuid-Libanon (UNIFIL)","landoptreden","1979","1985",234,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":793},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":795,"lat":796,"lon":797,"source":798},"Haris",33.1756,35.3767,{"title":799,"url":168},"Historische canon Regiment Infanterie Johan Willem Friso: onder dak (defensie.nl)",{"id":801,"name":802,"domain":716,"since":803,"until":804,"km":805,"from":806,"to":808,"rough":39},"golan-undof","United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)","1995-01-16","1997-05-31",239,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":807},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":809,"lat":810,"lon":811},"Syrië en Israël",33,35.8,{"id":813,"name":814,"domain":202,"since":815,"until":816,"km":817,"from":818,"to":820,"rough":28},"atf-middle-east","1(NLD) ATF Middle East Jordanië, Koeweit en Qatar","2014","2019",249,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":819},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":821,"lat":822,"lon":823,"source":824},"Muwaffaq Salti Air Base",31.8265,36.7936,{"title":825,"url":826},"Rapport Commissie van Onderzoek Wapeninzet Hawija (januari 2025)","https:\u002F\u002Frepository.overheid.nl\u002Ffrbr\u002Fofficielepublicaties\u002Fblg\u002Fonopgemaakt\u002Fblg-1182632\u002F1\u002Fpdf\u002Fblg-1182632.pdf",{"id":828,"name":829,"domain":731,"since":830,"until":831,"km":832,"from":833,"to":835,"rough":28},"libanon-ssr-2008","Security Sector Reform Libanon","2008-01-03","2008-12-03",312,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":834},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":836,"lat":837,"lon":838,"source":839},"Beiroet",33.8933,35.5016,{"title":840,"url":841},"NIMH, Encyclopedie Internationale Operaties: Security Sector Reform Libanon","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nimh.nl\u002Fmilitaire-geschiedenis-van-nederland\u002Fhistorische-overzichten\u002Fencyclopedie-internationale-operaties\u002F2008-01-ssr-libanon\u002Findex",{"id":843,"name":844,"domain":70,"since":845,"until":846,"km":832,"from":847,"to":849,"rough":28},"libanon-unogil-1958","United Nations Observer Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL)","1958-06-12","1958-12-09",{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":848},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":836,"lat":837,"lon":838,"source":850},{"title":851,"url":852},"Kamerstuk 5300 III nr. 20: Rijksbegroting voor het dienstjaar 1959 (Buitenlandse Zaken), memorie van antwoord (brief van 22 november 1958)","https:\u002F\u002Frepository.overheid.nl\u002Ffrbr\u002Fsgd\u002F19581959\u002F0000268424\u002F1\u002Fpdf\u002FSGD_19581959_0000249.pdf",{"id":854,"name":855,"domain":716,"since":856,"until":857,"km":858,"from":859,"to":861,"rough":28},"egypte-unef-1956","United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF)","1956-11-12","1956-12-28",318,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":860},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":862,"lat":863,"lon":864,"source":865},"Caïro",30.0626,31.2497,{"title":866,"url":867},"NIMH, Encyclopedie Internationale Operaties: United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF, 1956)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nimh.nl\u002Fmilitaire-geschiedenis-van-nederland\u002Fhistorische-overzichten\u002Fencyclopedie-internationale-operaties\u002F1956-11-unef\u002Findex",{"id":869,"name":870,"domain":757,"since":871,"until":872,"km":873,"from":874,"to":876,"rough":39},"cyprus-mistral","Operatie Mistral, Cyprus","2023-11","2024-02",423,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":875},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":877,"lat":739,"lon":878},"Cyprus",33.2,{"id":880,"name":881,"domain":757,"since":882,"until":883,"km":884,"from":885,"to":887,"rough":39},"middellandse-zee-evertsen","Artikel 100-inzet in de Middellandse Zee","2026-03","2026-05",427,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":886},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":888,"lat":889,"lon":890},"Middellandse Zee",34,31,{"id":892,"name":893,"domain":788,"since":894,"until":895,"km":896,"from":897,"to":899,"rough":28},"cyprus-unficyp","United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)","1998","2001",439,{"name":45,"lat":46,"lon":47,"source":898},{"title":43,"url":25},{"name":900,"lat":901,"lon":902,"source":903},"Nicosia",35.1728,33.354,{"title":904,"url":905},"Kamerstuk 25954 nr. 5, Eindevaluatie Nederlandse militaire bijdrage aan UNFICYP (juni 1998 – juni 2001)","https:\u002F\u002Frepository.overheid.nl\u002Ffrbr\u002Fofficielepublicaties\u002Fkst\u002F25954\u002Fkst-25954-5\u002F1\u002Fhtml\u002Fkst-25954-5.html",[],[908],{"id":909,"name":910,"since":911,"until":912,"parties":913,"source":917,"ministers":920},"kabinet-balkenende-ii","Kabinet-Balkenende II","2003-05-27","2006-07-07",[914,915,916],"CDA","VVD","D66",{"title":918,"url":919},"Kabinet-Balkenende II (2003-2006) | Parlement.com","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parlement.com\u002Fkabinet-balkenende-ii-2003-2006",[921,926,932,935,940],{"office":922,"officeName":923,"name":924,"source":925},"minister-president","Minister-president","Mr.Drs. J.P. Balkenende",{"title":918,"url":919},{"office":927,"officeName":928,"name":929,"until":930,"source":931},"buitenlandse zaken","minister van Buitenlandse Zaken","Mr. J.G. de Hoop Scheffer","2003-12-03",{"title":918,"url":919},{"office":927,"officeName":928,"name":933,"since":930,"source":934},"Dr. B.R. Bot",{"title":918,"url":919},{"office":936,"officeName":937,"name":938,"source":939},"justitie","minister van Justitie","Mr. J.P.H. Donner",{"title":918,"url":919},{"office":941,"officeName":942,"name":943,"source":944},"defensie","minister van Defensie","H.G.J. Kamp",{"title":918,"url":919},[],[947,960,969,983,992,1001,1011,1025,1034,1043,1051,1059,1068,1076,1084,1092,1100,1108,1116,1126,1134,1143,1152,1160,1168,1177,1195,1203,1212,1221,1230,1239],{"id":948,"article":949,"date":950,"countries":951,"summary":953,"official":954,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2025-09-23",4,"2025-09-23",[952],"Estland","De NAVO kwam bijeen op verzoek van Estland, nadat drie Russische gevechtsvliegtuigen het Estse luchtruim hadden geschonden.",{"text":955,"source":956},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 23 September 2025, the North Atlantic Council met following Estonia’s request for Article 4 consultations after three Russian fighter jets violated Estonian airspace on 19 September 2025.",{"title":957,"url":958},"NAVO: The consultation process and Article 4","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nato.int\u002Fen\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fintroduction-to-nato\u002Fthe-consultation-process-and-article-4","2026-10-22",{"id":961,"article":949,"date":962,"countries":963,"summary":965,"official":966,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2025-09-10","2025-09-10",[964],"Polen","Polen vroeg om overleg nadat meerdere Russische drones het Poolse luchtruim waren binnengevlogen.",{"text":967,"source":968},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 10 September 2025, Poland requested to hold consultations in the North Atlantic Council under Article 4 following the violation of Polish airspace by multiple Russian drones.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":970,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":973,"countries":974,"summary":976,"official":977,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2024-03-07",10,"toetreding","2024-03-07",[975],"Zweden","Zweden werd lid van de NAVO.",{"text":978,"source":979},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 7 March 2024: Accession of Sweden",{"title":980,"url":981},"NAVO: Enlargement and Article 10","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nato.int\u002Fen\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fpartnerships-and-cooperation\u002Fenlargement-and-article-10","2026-11-04",{"id":984,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":985,"countries":986,"summary":988,"official":989,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2023-04-04","2023-04-04",[987],"Finland","Finland werd lid van de NAVO.",{"text":990,"source":991},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 4 April 2023: Accession of Finland",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":993,"article":971,"kind":994,"date":995,"countries":996,"summary":997,"official":998,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2022-07-05","toetredingsprotocol","2022-07-05",[987,975],"De bondgenoten tekenden de toetredingsprotocollen voor Finland en Zweden. Daarmee werden beide landen officieel genodigde.",{"text":999,"source":1000},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 5 July 2022: Allies sign the Accession Protocols for Finland and Sweden, making them official Invitees.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1002,"article":971,"kind":1003,"date":1004,"until":1005,"countries":1006,"summary":1007,"official":1008,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2022-06-29","uitnodiging","2022-06-29","2022-06-30",[987,975],"Op de top in Madrid nodigde de NAVO Finland en Zweden officieel uit om lid te worden.",{"text":1009,"source":1010},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 29-30 June 2022: Heads of State and Government from Finland, Georgia, Sweden and Ukraine and the Defence Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina take part in the NATO Summit in Madrid. NATO reaffirms its commitment to its \"open door policy\", formally inviting Finland and Sweden to become members of NATO",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1012,"article":949,"date":1013,"countries":1014,"summary":1021,"official":1022,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2022-02-24","2022-02-24",[1015,1016,952,1017,1018,964,1019,1020],"Bulgarije","Tsjechië","Letland","Litouwen","Roemenië","Slowakije","Acht bondgenoten vroegen om overleg op de dag dat Rusland Oekraïne volledig binnenviel.",{"text":1023,"source":1024},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 24 February 2022, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia requested to hold consultations under Article 4 following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1026,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1027,"countries":1028,"summary":1030,"official":1031,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2020-03-27","2020-03-27",[1029],"Noord-Macedonië","Noord-Macedonië werd lid van de NAVO.",{"text":1032,"source":1033},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 27 March 2020: Accession of the Republic of North Macedonia",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1035,"article":949,"date":1036,"countries":1037,"summary":1039,"official":1040,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2020-02-28","2020-02-28",[1038],"Turkije","Turkije vroeg om overleg nadat Turkse militairen waren omgekomen bij luchtaanvallen in de Syrische provincie Idlib.",{"text":1041,"source":1042},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 28 February 2020, Türkiye requested consultations following the death of Turkish soldiers in air strikes by the Syrian regime and its backer Russia in Idlib province.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1044,"article":971,"kind":994,"date":1045,"countries":1046,"summary":1047,"official":1048,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2019-02-06","2019-02-06",[1029],"De bondgenoten tekenden het toetredingsprotocol van Noord-Macedonië. Daarna deed het land als genodigde mee aan activiteiten van de NAVO.",{"text":1049,"source":1050},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 6 February 2019: The Allies sign the Accession Protocol of the Republic of North Macedonia, following which the country takes part in NATO activities as an invitee.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1052,"article":971,"kind":1003,"date":1053,"countries":1054,"summary":1055,"official":1056,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2018-07-11","2018-07-11",[1029],"Na het akkoord tussen Athene en Skopje over de naam van het land nodigden de NAVO-leiders Skopje uit om te praten over toetreding.",{"text":1057,"source":1058},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 11 July 2018: At the Brussels Summit, following the historic agreement between Athens and Skopje on the solution of the name issue, Allied leaders invite the government in Skopje to begin accession talks to join NATO.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1060,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1061,"countries":1062,"summary":1064,"official":1065,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2017-06-05","2017-06-05",[1063],"Montenegro","Montenegro werd lid van de NAVO.",{"text":1066,"source":1067},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 5 June 2017: Accession of Montenegro",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1069,"article":971,"kind":994,"date":1070,"countries":1071,"summary":1072,"official":1073,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2016-05-19","2016-05-19",[1063],"De bondgenoten tekenden het toetredingsprotocol van Montenegro. Daarna mocht Montenegro als genodigde vergaderingen van de NAVO bijwonen.",{"text":1074,"source":1075},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 19 May 2016: Allied ministers sign the Accession Protocol, following which Montenegro has 'Invitee' status and starts attending North Atlantic Council and other NATO meetings.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1077,"article":971,"kind":1003,"date":1078,"countries":1079,"summary":1080,"official":1081,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2015-12-02","2015-12-02",[1063],"De ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken van de NAVO nodigden Montenegro uit om te praten over toetreding.",{"text":1082,"source":1083},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 2 December 2015: NATO Foreign Ministers meeting in Brussels invite Montenegro to start accession talks to join the Alliance, while encouraging further progress on reforms, especially in the area of rule of law.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1085,"article":949,"date":1086,"countries":1087,"summary":1088,"official":1089,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2015-07-26","2015-07-26",[1038],"Turkije vroeg om overleg na terroristische aanslagen, en om de bondgenoten over zijn maatregelen te informeren.",{"text":1090,"source":1091},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 26 July 2015, Türkiye requested that the NAC convene in view of the seriousness of the situation following terrorist attacks, and to inform Allies of the measures it was taking.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1093,"article":949,"date":1094,"countries":1095,"summary":1096,"official":1097,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2014-03-03","2014-03-03",[964],"Polen vroeg om overleg om de oplopende spanningen in buurland Oekraïne door het optreden van Rusland.",{"text":1098,"source":1099},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 3 March 2014, Poland invoked Article 4 following increasing tensions in neighbouring Ukraine, as a result of Russia’s aggressive actions.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1101,"article":949,"date":1102,"countries":1103,"summary":1104,"official":1105,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2012-10-03","2012-10-03",[1038],"Turkije vroeg om overleg nadat Syrische granaten vijf Turkse burgers hadden gedood. Daarna vroeg Turkije om Patriot-luchtverdediging.",{"text":1106,"source":1107},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 3 October 2012, Türkiye requested Article 4 NAC consultations when five Turkish civilians were killed by Syrian shells. Following these incidents, on 21 November 2012, Türkiye requested the deployment of Patriot missiles.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1109,"article":949,"date":1110,"countries":1111,"summary":1112,"official":1113,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2012-06-22","2012-06-22",[1038],"Turkije vroeg om overleg nadat Syrische luchtverdediging een Turks gevechtsvliegtuig had neergeschoten.",{"text":1114,"source":1115},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 22 June 2012, Türkiye requested a NAC meeting under Article 4 after one of its fighter jets was shot down by Syrian air defence forces.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1117,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1118,"countries":1119,"summary":1122,"official":1123,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2009-04-01","2009-04-01",[1120,1121],"Albanië","Kroatië","Albanië en Kroatië werden lid van de NAVO.",{"text":1124,"source":1125},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 1 April 2009: Accession of Albania and Croatia",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1127,"article":971,"kind":994,"date":1128,"countries":1129,"summary":1130,"official":1131,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2008-07-09","2008-07-09",[1120,1121],"De toetredingsprotocollen voor Albanië en Kroatië werden getekend.",{"text":1132,"source":1133},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 9 July 2008: Accession Protocols for Albania and Croatia are signed.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1135,"article":971,"kind":1003,"date":1136,"until":1137,"countries":1138,"summary":1139,"official":1140,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2008-04-02","2008-04-02","2008-04-04",[1120,1121],"Op de top in Boekarest nodigden de NAVO-leiders Albanië en Kroatië uit om te praten over toetreding.",{"text":1141,"source":1142},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 2-4 April 2008: At the Bucharest Summit, Allied Leaders invite Albania and Croatia to start accession talks",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1144,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1145,"countries":1146,"summary":1148,"official":1149,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2004-03-29","2004-03-29",[1015,952,1017,1018,1019,1020,1147],"Slovenië","Bulgarije, Estland, Letland, Litouwen, Roemenië, Slowakije en Slovenië werden lid van de NAVO.",{"text":1150,"source":1151},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 29 March 2004: Accession of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1153,"article":971,"kind":994,"date":1154,"countries":1155,"summary":1156,"official":1157,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2003-03-26","2003-03-26",[1015,952,1017,1018,1019,1020,1147],"De bondgenoten tekenden de toetredingsprotocollen voor zeven landen die waren uitgenodigd lid te worden.",{"text":1158,"source":1159},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 21-22 November 2002: At the Prague Summit, seven partner countries – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia – are invited to start accession talks. 26 March 2003: Signing ceremony of the Accession Protocols of the seven invitees.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1161,"article":949,"date":1162,"countries":1163,"summary":1164,"official":1165,"updated":959},"artikel-4-2003-02-10","2003-02-10",[1038],"Turkije vroeg om overleg over verdediging tegen de dreiging van de oorlog in buurland Irak.",{"text":1166,"source":1167},"Since the Alliance’s creation in 1949, Article 4 has been invoked nine times: … On 10 February 2003, Türkiye formally invoked Article 4, asking for consultations in the NAC on defensive assistance from NATO in the event of a threat to its population or territory resulting from armed conflict in neighbouring Iraq.",{"title":957,"url":958},{"id":1169,"article":971,"kind":1003,"date":1170,"until":1171,"countries":1172,"summary":1173,"official":1174,"updated":982},"artikel-10-2002-11-21","2002-11-21","2002-11-22",[1015,952,1017,1018,1019,1020,1147],"Op de top in Praag werden Bulgarije, Estland, Letland, Litouwen, Roemenië, Slowakije en Slovenië uitgenodigd om te praten over toetreding.",{"text":1175,"source":1176},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 21-22 November 2002: At the Prague Summit, seven partner countries – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia – are invited to start accession talks.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1178,"article":1179,"date":1180,"countries":1181,"summary":1183,"official":1184,"missions":1189,"updated":959},"artikel-5-2001-10-02",5,"2001-10-02",[1182],"Verenigde Staten","Na onderzoek naar de aanslagen stelde de NAVO vast dat ze onder artikel 5 vielen. Daarop volgden de NAVO-operaties Eagle Assist en Active Endeavour.",{"text":1185,"source":1186},"On 2 October 2001, once the Council had been briefed on the results of investigations into the 9\u002F11 attacks, it determined that they were effectively regarded as an action covered by Article 5.",{"title":1187,"url":1188},"NAVO: Collective defence and Article 5","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nato.int\u002Fen\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fintroduction-to-nato\u002Fcollective-defence-and-article-5",[1190],{"missionId":1191,"official":1192},"middellandse-zee-active-endeavour",{"text":1193,"source":1194},"On 26 October 2001, the Alliance launched its second counter-terrorism operation in response to the attacks on the United States, Operation Active Endeavour, which involved elements of NATO's Standing Naval Forces patrol",{"title":1187,"url":1188},{"id":1196,"article":1179,"date":1197,"countries":1198,"summary":1199,"official":1200,"updated":959},"artikel-5-2001-09-12","2001-09-12",[1182],"Een dag na de aanslagen van 11 september besloot de NAVO dat een aanval vanuit het buitenland op de Verenigde Staten zou gelden als een aanval op alle bondgenoten. De eerste en enige keer dat artikel 5 is ingeroepen.",{"text":1201,"source":1202},"On the evening of 12 September 2001, less than 24 hours after the attacks, Allies met in the North Atlantic Council. The Council agreed “that if it is determined that this attack was directed from abroad against the United States, it shall be regarded as an action covered by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty”.",{"title":1187,"url":1188},{"id":1204,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1205,"countries":1206,"summary":1208,"official":1209,"updated":982},"artikel-10-1999-03-12","1999-03-12",[1016,1207,964],"Hongarije","Tsjechië, Hongarije en Polen werden lid van de NAVO. Daarmee had het bondgenootschap 19 leden.",{"text":1210,"source":1211},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 12 March 1999: Accession of Czechia, Hungary and Poland, bringing the Alliance to 19 members.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1213,"article":971,"kind":1003,"date":1214,"until":1215,"countries":1216,"summary":1217,"official":1218,"updated":982},"artikel-10-1997-07-08","1997-07-08","1997-07-09",[1016,1207,964],"Op de top in Madrid werden Tsjechië, Hongarije en Polen uitgenodigd om te praten over toetreding.",{"text":1219,"source":1220},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 8-9 July 1997: At the Madrid Summit, three partner countries – Czechia, Hungary and Poland – are invited to start accession talks.",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1222,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1223,"countries":1224,"summary":1226,"official":1227,"updated":982},"artikel-10-1982-05-30","1982-05-30",[1225],"Spanje","Spanje werd lid van de NAVO. In 1998 ging het ook deel uitmaken van de gezamenlijke militaire structuur.",{"text":1228,"source":1229},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 30 May 1982: Spain joins the Alliance (and the integrated military structure in 1998).",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1231,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1232,"countries":1233,"summary":1235,"official":1236,"updated":982},"artikel-10-1955-05-06","1955-05-06",[1234],"Duitsland","De Bondsrepubliek Duitsland werd lid van de NAVO.",{"text":1237,"source":1238},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 6 May 1955: Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany",{"title":980,"url":981},{"id":1240,"article":971,"kind":972,"date":1241,"countries":1242,"summary":1244,"official":1245,"updated":982},"artikel-10-1952-02-18","1952-02-18",[1243,1038],"Griekenland","Griekenland en Turkije werden lid van de NAVO.",{"text":1246,"source":1247},"NATO's \"open door policy\" is based upon Article 10 of the Washington Treaty … 18 February 1952: Accession of Greece and Türkiye",{"title":980,"url":981}]